Staphylococcus saprophyticus where is it found

Multiple copies of the plasmids provide for expression of more water channels. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative species of Staphylococcus. Like other Staphylococci, it is Gram-positive, is globular shaped, and is a facultative anaerobe.

It has abundant transporter systems to adapt to ever changing pH, osmolarity, and concentration of urea in human urine. The plasmids contain a gene coding for aquaporin Z. The amount of water channels created is regulated by the number of copies of the plasmids. It has both a pH-driven symporter and a sodium-dependent symporter to transport divalent cations, including iron, into the cell. This is how the cell metabolizes Nitrogen. Urease activity is known to be an infection causing factor in UTIs.

The antibody to the poplypeptide inhibits hemagglutination. Staphylococcus saprophyticus adheres to uroepithelial cells and sheep erythrocytes causing hemoglutination.

Spermicides and candidal infections affect the vaginal flora, increasing the risk of infection. Staphylcoccus saprophyticus is not naturally found in healthy humans. It infects humans through sexual intercourse or through contact with animals. The infection can spread to rectal and vaginal areas. Kidney and uretal stones are associated with S. Flouroquinolones are the drug of choice for treating UTIs, but their effectiveness is affected by urine pH and contents.

Research was done on 2 drugs from German pharmaceutical companies. An extended-release drug, Ciprofloxacin and another drug Levofloxacin were tested. Levoflaxacin was shown to be more effective than Ciprofoxacin against S. This was a lab study and not a clinical study. Only 12 volunteers were used. The ability to resist the attacks of lysozymes allows microbes to infect and colonize more effectively. In this study, it was found that O acetylation of peptidoglycans confers resistance to lysozymes.

Japanese researchers used whole-genome shotgun sequencing to sequence the entire genome of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. They sequenced in or 10 kb inserts. Different adherence and hemoglutination assays were performed. By sequencing the entire genome, researchers have elucidated the adaptations for survival and pathenogenesis of S.

Yamashita, H. Hirakawa, M. Kumano, K. Morikawa, M. Higashide, A. Maruyama, Y. Inose, K. Matoba, H. Toh, S. Kuhara, M. Hattori, and T. Whole genome sequence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus reveals the pathogenesis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Review the pathophysiology of S. Summarize the treatment options for S saprophyticus.

Outline the importance of improving care coordination among the interprofessional team in enhancing the delivery of care for those with this condition. Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections UTIs , particularly in young sexually active females. Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis.

An acute uncomplicated UTI is characterized by dysuria and frequency in an immunocompetent, non-pregnant adult female and is the most common bacterial infection in women. Like other uropathogens, S. However, unlike many of these organisms, it cannot reduce nitrate. It has also been found that S. Patients with nosocomial UTIs, the elderly, pregnant patients, and those with urinary catheterization have an increased incidence of S.

Men have a lower incidence of S. General risk factors for UTIs include the history of recurrent UTIs, female sex, recent sexual intercourse, pregnancy, neurogenic bladder, indwelling catheter, and benign prostatic hypertrophy. Polymicrobial infections are less common in young, healthy, sexually active females.

In the United States, urinary discomfort is a common complaint in patients seeking medical attention. UTIs are one of the top 10 diagnoses made in emergency departments annually. Bacterial colonization of the bladder and ureter epithelium by S.

These include hemagglutinins with autolytic and adhesive properties, as well as surface-associated lipase that forms fimbria-like surface appendages, helping the bacteria to maintain tight adherence to these surfaces. It is suspected that the high survivability of S. Some strains of S. Once biofilms have been produced, antibiotic resistance is exacerbated. In these cases, S.

Saprophyticus may be resistant to vancomycin and only effectively treated via linezolid. The characteristic history of dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and suprapubic pain will be common in symptomatic UTI patients. In those patients with pyelonephritis, back or flank pain, nausea, and fever or chills may also be present. However, in most cases of uncomplicated UTI, a physical examination is unremarkable.

The diagnosis of S. UTI, in general, may be diagnosed more cost-effectively with a urine dipstick alone. In cases of negative dipstick results, and high clinical suspicion, a bacterial urine culture should also be obtained. Imaging is not necessary for cases of uncomplicated UTIs. If renal pathology, such as pyelonephritis, is suspected a CT scan is the most sensitive modality for demonstrating complications such as hydronephrosis or renal abscess.

Treatment with outpatient antibiotics is indicated in symptomatic or complicated UTIs and pyelonephritis. It is important to take into consideration specific local resistance patterns when choosing appropriate antibiotic coverage. The antibiotic of choice in uncomplicated S. Symptomatic treatment for pain and nausea should also be addressed.

Acute uncomplicated UTIs are unlikely to cause renal injury. Pyridium may also be given to alleviate associated dysuria. Ondansetron or promethazine are commonly prescribed antiemetics. Most patients will notice symptomatic relief within 36 hours from antibiotic treatment alone. Patients who are hemodynamically unstable, have associated kidney injury, abscess formation, or emphysematous pyelonephritis, have failed outpatient treatment, have intractable nausea, vomiting, or pain, are unable to tolerate oral intake, or are unable to comply with medical treatment may require admission.

Other diagnoses include non- S. The majority of S. However, if left untreated, they may progress to pyelonephritis. Untreated pyelonephritis may lead to further complications, such as renal insufficiency. It is important to note that the diagnosis of UTI based on the combination of both leukocyte esterase and nitrites, will miss cases caused by S.

Like most other gram-positive uropathogens, S. In cases where UTI symptoms persist following treatment with one of the previously mentioned antibiotics, S. UTIs are usually managed by the primary care provider, nurse practitioner, and internist. In some cases, the organism may be S. Saprophyticus, which can only be identified following culture. While culture is not routine in all patients with a UTI, when the patient fails to improve, one must suspect a different organism and send the urine for culture.

These patients may need IV antibiotics and radiological studies to determine the extent of the infection. When treated promptly, most patients have good outcomes. This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Turn recording back on.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. StatPearls [Internet]. Search term. Affiliations 1 Kingman Regional Medical Center. Continuing Education Activity Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, especially in young sexually active females.